Science

Sodium-ion energy density explained

Current sodium-ion Wh/kg figures, why pack density is lower and when weight matters.

Science

What are sodium-ion batteries made from?

Cathodes, hard carbon, electrolyte, separators and current collectors.

Science

Sodium-ion cathodes explained

Layered oxides, Prussian-blue analogues and polyanionic materials.

Science

Hard-carbon anodes in sodium-ion batteries

Why graphite is difficult, how hard carbon stores sodium and what limits performance.

Science

Sodium-ion electrolytes explained

Salts, solvents, interfaces and why “salt battery” is misleading.

Science

Sodium-ion battery efficiency

Round-trip losses, inverter losses and how to compare systems fairly.