Science
Sodium-ion cathodes explained
The cathode largely determines a sodium-ion cell’s voltage, capacity, cost and critical-mineral profile.
What matters
Layered oxides can deliver strong energy and familiar processing but may use nickel or manganese and can be moisture-sensitive. Prussian-blue analogues have open frameworks that suit large sodium ions and can use abundant elements.
The detail
Polyanionic cathodes offer stable structures and useful voltage but may trade density or include vanadium. Manufacturing defects, water content and particle design affect every family.
Practical conclusion
There is no universally “best” sodium cathode. Match the material to energy, power, life, temperature and supply-chain priorities.
Sources
- Sodium-ion battery momentum grows, but challenges remain — International Energy Agency, 17 February 2026.
- Sodium-ion cell design research call — The Faraday Institution, June 2026.
Sources last checked 10 November 2026. Product availability can change.